Which of the Following Statements Is True

question 19

Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements is true?

• A)Fixed effects estimation is not suitable when the unobserved cluster effect is correlated with one or more explanatory variables.
• B)Fixed effects approach is not applicable if the key explanatory variables change only at the level of the cluster.
• C)The ordinary least squares standard errors are incorrect when there is cluster effect.
• D)Random effects estimation can be applied to a cluster sample only if the unobserved cluster effect is correlated with one or more explanatory variables.

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Definitions:

Excitatory Conditioned Response

A learned response that increases the probability of a specific behavior in anticipation of a reward or outcome.

Forward Conditioning

A type of classical conditioning where the conditioned stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus, leading to an association between the two.

Rescorla-Wagner Model

A model of conditioning that emphasizes the importance of the predictability of the US by the CS, proposing a limit to the amount of learning that can occur.

Associative Strength

The measure of the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus, indicating how strongly two stimuli are linked in an individual's mind.