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Ricky and Lucy are debating several types of taxes. Their debate has focused on the different types of tax rate structures and whether they are "fair." Please define each tax rate structure, provide examples of each structure, and discuss how each structure may be viewed with respect to vertical equity.
Net Present Value
The sum of all future cash flows, both incoming and outgoing, of an investment, discounted back to their present value to analyze its profitability.
Investment Project
A project involving the allocation of capital resources to long-term assets that produce returns over time.
Working Capital
A measure of a firm's short-term financial health and its ability to cover its short-term obligations with its short-term assets.
Discount Factor
A multiplier used to discount future cash flows back to their present value, reflecting the time value of money.
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