The data below represent time study observations for an assembly operation. Assume a 7% allowance factor. What is the normal time for element 2? 
Definitions:
Observer Drift
A phenomenon in which there are gradual changes in the way an observer measures or perceives phenomena over time, leading to inconsistencies.
Reactivity
The change in behaviour often seen when people know they are being observed or filmed. One of the difficulties inherent in in vivo observation and analogue observational settings.
External Validity
The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people.
Quasi-Experiment
A research design that lacks the full control of true experimental designs but employs some method of making causal inferences from observed changes.
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