A Poll on a Cigarette Tax Increase Includes the Following

question 59

Multiple Choice

A poll on a cigarette tax increase includes the following: "In the past decade, cigarette smokers have been targeted five times for tax increases. Do you favor another cigarette tax increase?" Does this question show any bias?

• A)Yes, it is biased against the tax increase.
• B)Yes, it is biased in favor of the tax increase.
• C)No, it is not biased.
• D)No, it is unrelated to the tax increase.

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Definitions:

Continuous Reinforcement

A learning process in operant conditioning where a behavior is reinforced each time it occurs, leading to rapid learning.

Primary Reinforcement

A type of reinforcement that is inherently rewarding, such as food or water, which satisfies a biological need.

Law of Effect

A principle of learning that states behaviors followed by positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated, while those followed by negative outcomes are less likely to occur.

Variable Ratio

A reinforcement schedule in operant conditioning where a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses, enhancing its effectivity.