Phrenologists Believed Relatively Small Bumps and Indentations on the Surface

question 41

Multiple Choice

Phrenologists believed relatively small bumps and indentations on the surface of the skull dictate personality traits. Since this assertion is inconsistent with what is known in science, it shows a common feature of pseudosciences-namely, that they:

• A) do not make specific, testable hypotheses.
• B) do not systematically check out outcomes of predictions.
• C) use logical criteria inappropriately.
• D) make scientifically implausible claims.

---

Definitions:

Mandatory Unionization

A policy requiring employees in a particular workplace or sector to join a union as a condition of employment.

Unionizing

The process by which workers form or join a union to collectively bargain for better terms and conditions of employment.

In-House Organizing

The process of forming and establishing unions or groups within an organization by its own employees, rather than external union organizations.

Union Shop

A workplace where all employees must either join the union or pay union dues, typically after a specified period of employment.