Joan Owns a Citrus Tree Farm near Mesa,Arizona

question 105

Multiple Choice

Joan owns a citrus tree farm near Mesa,Arizona.Joan and her family have fertilized the trees each spring for 52 years.The irrigation for the trees carries the fertilizer remnants into the Salt River.When EPA investigators discover the fertilizer in the Salt River and trace the unique brand to Joan,they indict her for violation of the Clean Water Act,for the discharge of a substance into a waterway.Joan responds,"I didn't know there was fertilizer.I was just letting water flow."

• A)Joan has sufficient mens rea for the crime.
• B)Joan can rely on the Ahmad case and escape criminal liability.
• C)Joan can be held criminally liable for negligence.
• D)none of the above

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Definitions:

Probability Sample

A sampling method in which every member of the population has a known and non-zero chance of being selected.

Experimental Research

A research methodology that tests hypotheses and establishes cause-and-effect relationships through controlled testing and observation.

Social Sciences

Social sciences are a group of academic disciplines that study societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies, including subjects like sociology, psychology, and economics.

Participant Observation

A research method used in social sciences where the researcher immerses themselves in the community or group being studied to observe behaviors and interactions directly.