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What is the layer of the atmosphere called which is the uppermost layer of the atmosphere and where the increase in temperature in this region is the result of the bombardment of molecular oxygen and nitrogen and atomic species by energetic particles, such as electrons and protons, from the sun?
Explicit Costs
Direct payments made to others in the course of running a business, such as wage, rent, and materials.
Production Costs
The total expense incurred in manufacturing a product or providing a service, including raw materials, labor, and overhead costs.
Accounting Profit
The total revenue of a business minus its explicit costs, not including opportunity costs.
Opportunity Cost
The opportunity cost of an alternative is the profit you give up to pursue it.
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