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In within-subject experiments, each subject's performance is compared with its performance during a .
Abstract Variables
Theoretical concepts that are not directly observable or measurable but are represented through proxy or indirect measures.
Meta-Analysis
A statistical technique that combines the results of multiple scientific studies to arrive at a conclusion that has greater statistical power than is possible from the individual studies.
Effect Sizes
Statistical measures that quantify the magnitude of a phenomenon, showing the extent of a relationship between variables in quantitative research.
Literature Reviews
Comprehensive surveys of existing research and publications on a specific topic or research question.
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