What Was Shown by Chandler and Colleagues (1989) with Regard

question 11

Multiple Choice

What was shown by Chandler and colleagues (1989) with regard to the percentage of 2-, 3-, and 4-year-old children using various deceptive strategies?

• A) These findings leave little room for doubt that even children as young as 2.5 are already capable of engaging in a variety of well-crafted deceptive practices, best interpreted as strategies aimed at instilling false beliefs in others.
• B) Children of all ages in the study do not use deception.
• C) These findings suggest that only 4-year-old children are capable of deception.
• D) These findings suggested that if the children's parents were using deceptive strategies themselves then the children would follow suit but only at 3 years of age.

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Definitions:

Feng Shui

A traditional Chinese practice which aims to harmonize individuals with their surrounding environment through spatial arrangements and orientation.

Belief

A cognitive acceptance that something is true or exists, often without needing empirical evidence.

Selective Screening

The process of filtering information to focus on the most relevant or significant details, often to reduce information overload.

Perceptual Process

The sequence of psychological steps that a person uses to organize and interpret information from the external world into a coherent picture.