Use the Following Information to Answer the Question

question 59

Multiple Choice

Use the following information to answer the question.
Suzanne Simard and colleagues knew that the same mycorrhizal fungal species could colonize multiple types of trees. They wondered if the same fungal individual would colonize different trees, forming an underground network that potentially could transport carbon and nutrients from one tree to another (S. Simard et al. 1997. Net transfer of carbon between mycorrhizal tree species in the field. Nature 388:579-82) .
Pots containing seedlings of three different tree species were set up and grown under natural conditions for three years (Fig. A) . Two of the three species (Douglas fir, birch) could form ectomycorrhizal connections with the same fungal species, but the third species (cedar) could not form an ectomycorrhizal connection with the fungal species. In some of the pots, the researchers placed airtight bags over the Douglas fir and birch seedlings and injected carbon dioxide made from carbon-13 into the bags with the Douglas fir and carbon dioxide made from carbon-14 into the bags with the birch. (13C and 14C are different isotopes of carbon that can be detected and measured by researchers.) As the seedlings photosynthesized, the carbon dioxide was converted into sugars that could be tracked and measured by the researchers. The researchers measured whether the sugars in each plant contained only the carbon isotope that was in the air of their plastic bag or also the carbon isotope from the air around the other plant.

Figure A

• A) If a single mycorrhizal fungus formed symbiotic associations with more than one tree, carbon could travel from one plant to another.
• B) Parasitic fungi steal nutrients from their hosts.
• C) Predatory fungi capture their prey by encircling them with hyphae, and the flowing of the cytoplasm through the pores helps the hyphae to move around the prey.
• D) Fungi function as part of the global carbon cycle, not only by converting carbon from one form to another, but by physically moving it from one location to another.

Understand the calculation of conditional probabilities and their relevance in sequences of events.

Recognize the application of probability in games of chance, assessing risks, and making predictions.

Learn to calculate probabilities involving combinations and permutations in specific scenarios.

Identify the impact of prior outcomes on the probability of future events in independent events.

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Definitions:

Fiscal Policy

The use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy, including policies aimed at reducing unemployment, controlling inflation, and fostering economic growth.

Election Year

A year in which a formal decision-making process is conducted through which citizens vote to choose public officials or to decide on public policy issues.

Government Purchases

Government purchases comprise spending by government bodies on goods and services that contribute directly to the economy's aggregate demand.

Stagflation

A period of slow economic growth and high unemployment while prices continue to rise.