There Is Much Discussion in the Media About Protecting Biodiversity

question 18

Multiple Choice

There is much discussion in the media about protecting biodiversity. But does biodiversity really matter? Canadian and Swiss researchers wanted to know if the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was important to the productivity of grasslands (M.G.A. van der Heijden, J. N. Klironomos, M. Ursic, P. Moutoglis, R. Streitwolf-Engel, T. Boler, A. Wiemken, and I. R. Sanders. 1998. Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability, and productivity. Nature 396:69-72) . Specifically, they wanted to know if it mattered which specific AMF species were present, or just that some type of AMF was present. They grew various plants in combination with one of four AMF species (A, B, C, and D) , no AMF species (O) , or all four AMF species together (A + B + C + D) ; and they measured plant growth under each set of conditions. All plant species were grown in each plot, so they always competed with each other, with the only difference being which AMF species were present.
On the graphs, the x-axis labels indicate the number and identity of AMF species (bar 0 = no fungi; bars A - D = individual AMF species; bar A + B + C + D = all AMF species together) . The y-axis indicates the amount (grams) of plant biomass for the species shown in italics above each graph.

Examine the effect of AMF species on Sanguisorba officinalis. Which of the following conclusions can be correctly drawn from the data?

• A) Growth is best with AMF species D.
• B) Growth is best with AMF species A.
• C) Growth is best with a mixture of AMF species.
• D) AMF presence had no effect on S. officinalis growth.

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Definitions:

Analogy Problem

A type of problem that tests reasoning and understanding through the identification of relationships between pairs of concepts.

Series-Completion

A cognitive task where individuals must identify the missing part in a sequential pattern.

Mental Set

A psychological tendency to approach situations in a certain way based on previous experiences and context, which can sometimes inhibit problem-solving.

Functional Fixedness

A mindset that limits an individual's use of an object to its conventional purpose alone, inhibiting their capacity for innovation and solving challenges.