The Essentialists Insisted That a Cause Be Necessary and Sufficient

question 19

Multiple Choice

The essentialists insisted that a cause be necessary and sufficient for an effect to occur. In a modern study, alcohol dependency is found to lead eventually to permanent liver damage, except when the person with alcoholism consumes a diet plentiful in the B- vitamins. In addition, liver damage can emerge in the absence of alcohol dependency. What would the essentialists say about the causative relationship between alcohol dependency and liver damage?

• A)The proposed cause is necessary, but not sufficient.
• B)The proposed cause is neither necessary nor sufficient.
• C)The proposed cause is sufficient, but not necessary.
• D)The proposed cause is both necessary and sufficient.

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Definitions:

Many Labs Approach

When different groups of researchers do the exact same study at the same time.

Meta-Analysis

A study that statistically analyzes the results of many studies on the same topic.

Projective Tests

Psychological assessment tools wherein individuals are presented with ambiguous stimuli and asked to interpret them, aiming to uncover hidden emotions and internal conflicts.

Clinical Interviews

A method of assessment in psychology and psychiatry involving direct, face-to-face conversation to gather information about an individual's mental health and functioning.