How Do (1) Different Responses to Identical Stimuli and (2)

question 5

Essay

How do (1) different responses to identical stimuli and (2) the role of happenstance or what the Greek philosopher Aristotle called accidental conjunctions challenge the authors' thesis that international relations is subject to recurring patterns and regularities?

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Definitions:

Information Ratio

A measure of portfolio returns beyond the returns of a benchmark, relative to the volatility of those excess returns.

Risk-Free Return

The theoretical return on an investment with no risk of financial loss, traditionally associated with government bonds or bills.

Information Ratio

A ratio used to measure the return of an investment relative to the risk taken, comparing the asset's returns beyond the benchmark to the volatility of those returns.

Risk-Free Return

The expected return from an investment that carries no risk of losing money, usually linked to government securities.