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In the IS-LM model when M/P rises, in short-run equilibrium, in the usual case the interest rate ______ and output ______.
Competitive Forces
The various external pressures and challenges that companies face in the market, including competition from rival firms, potential new entrants, substitute products, bargaining power of buyers, and bargaining power of suppliers.
Powerful Buyers
Buyers who have significant influence over suppliers due to their large volume of purchases, affecting terms and pricing in their favor.
Switching Costs
The costs that a consumer incurs as a result of changing brands, suppliers, or products, which can include financial costs, time, and effort.
Preemptive Practices
Strategies or actions taken by a business to prevent competitors from entering their market or to gain an advantage over them.
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