Robert Michels Suggests That the Reasons for Oligarchical Tendencies in Formal

question 50

Multiple Choice

Robert Michels suggests that the reasons for oligarchical tendencies in formal organizations include

• A) the existence of hierarchical structures with authority exercised upward from the bottom.
• B) the advantages that organization officials have over the other group members.
• C) officials' lack of control over administrative resources.
• D) officials' lack of control over communication networks.

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Definitions:

Confirmation Bias

The predisposition to perceive incoming evidence as ratification of one's established beliefs or theoretical frameworks.

Survey Research

A research method that collects data from a predefined group of respondents to gain information and insights on various topics of interest.

Escalation Commitment

The phenomenon where people continue to invest time, money, or effort into a failing project due to the cumulative prior investment, despite new evidence suggesting that the cost of continuing the project outweighs the expected benefit.

Betamax Systems

An early video cassette recording format that was eventually overshadowed by VHS.