Robert Michels Suggests That the Reasons for Oligarchical Tendencies in Formal

question 50

Multiple Choice

Robert Michels suggests that the reasons for oligarchical tendencies in formal organizations include

• A) the existence of hierarchical structures with authority exercised upward from the bottom.
• B) the advantages that organization officials have over the other group members.
• C) officials' lack of control over administrative resources.
• D) officials' lack of control over communication networks.

---

Definitions:

Elaboration

A memory strategy in which one imagines a scene or story to link the material to be remembered.

Organization

Memory strategy in which items to remember are categorized or grouped by theme or type.

Rehearsal

A cognitive process involving the repetition of information to be remembered, aiming to prolong its presence in short-term memory and promote its transfer to long-term memory.

Mainstreaming

The practice of integrating children with special educational needs into regular educational settings, aiming to provide them with a standard curriculum whenever possible.