Evaluate the extent to which religious motives sparked the Crusades.
Document 1
Pope Urban II, speech at the Council of Clermont, responding to the request by the Byzantine emperor for aid against the invading Seljuk Turks, 1095
"Although, O sons of God, you have promised more firmly than ever to keep the peace among yourselves and to preserve the rights of the church, there remains still an important work for you to do. For your brethren who live in the east are in urgent need of your help, and you must hasten to give them the aid which has often been promised them. For, as the most of you have heard, the Turks and Arabs have attacked them and . . . have occupied more and more of the lands of those Christians and have overcome them in seven battles. They have killed and captured many and have destroyed the churches and devastated the empire. On this account I, or rather the Lord, beseech you as Christ's heralds to publish this everywhere and to persuade all people of whatever rank, foot-soldiers and knights, poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to those Christians and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends. I say this to those who are present, it meant also for those who are absent. Moreover, Christ commands it.
"All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested. . . . Let those who have been accustomed unjustly to wage private warfare* against the faithful now go against the infidels and end with victory this war which should have been begun long ago. Let those who for a long time, have been robbers, now become knights. Let those who have been fighting against their brothers and relatives now fight in a proper way against the barbarians."
*Christians fighting against other Christians in Europe
Document 2
Miniature: Crusaders bombard Nicaea with the severed heads of Muslim soldiers, 1097 ![Evaluate the extent to which religious motives sparked the Crusades. Document 1 Pope Urban II, speech at the Council of Clermont, responding to the request by the Byzantine emperor for aid against the invading Seljuk Turks, 1095 Although, O sons of God, you have promised more firmly than ever to keep the peace among yourselves and to preserve the rights of the church, there remains still an important work for you to do. For your brethren who live in the east are in urgent need of your help, and you must hasten to give them the aid which has often been promised them. For, as the most of you have heard, the Turks and Arabs have attacked them and . . . have occupied more and more of the lands of those Christians and have overcome them in seven battles. They have killed and captured many and have destroyed the churches and devastated the empire. On this account I, or rather the Lord, beseech you as Christ's heralds to publish this everywhere and to persuade all people of whatever rank, foot-soldiers and knights, poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to those Christians and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends. I say this to those who are present, it meant also for those who are absent. Moreover, Christ commands it. All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested. . . . Let those who have been accustomed unjustly to wage private warfare* against the faithful now go against the infidels and end with victory this war which should have been begun long ago. Let those who for a long time, have been robbers, now become knights. Let those who have been fighting against their brothers and relatives now fight in a proper way against the barbarians. *Christians fighting against other Christians in Europe Document 2 Miniature: Crusaders bombard Nicaea with the severed heads of Muslim soldiers, 1097 Miniature by an anonymous thirteenth-century French artist, in History of Outremer (Medieval French Crusader states), by Guilluame de Tyr (William of Tyre), twelfth-century archbishop of Tyre and historian born and raised in Crusader-controlled Jerusalem Document 3 Fulk of Chartres, cleric who participated in the First Crusade including the siege of Jerusalem in 1099 Count Raymond and his men, who were attacking the wall on the other side, did not yet know of all this, until they saw the Saracens leap from the wall in front of them. Forthwith, they joyfully rushed into the city to pursue and kill the nefarious enemies, as their comrades were already doing. Some Saracens, Arabs, and Ethiopians took refuge in the tower of David, others fled to the temples of the Lord and of Solomon. A great fight took place in the court and porch of the temples, where they were unable to escape from our gladiators. Many fled to the roof of the temple of Solomon, and were shot with arrows, so that they fell to the ground dead. In this temple almost ten thousand were killed. Indeed, if you had been there you would have seen our feet colored to our ankles with the blood of the slain. But what more shall I relate? None of them were left alive; neither women nor children were spared. This may seem strange to you. Our squires and poorer footmen discovered a trick of the Saracens, for they learned that they could find byzants [a gold coin] in the stomachs and intestines of the dead Saracens, who had swallowed them. Thus, after several days they burned a great heap of dead bodies, that they might more easily get the precious metal from the ashes. . . . The carnage over, the crusaders entered the houses and took whatever they found in them. Chronicled in The Deeds of the Franks Who Attacked Jerusalem, written between 1101 and 1128 Document 4 Kneeling Crusader with his horse, from the Westminster Psalter, c. 1250](https://d2lvgg3v3hfg70.cloudfront.net/TB8374/11eb75ac_fae2_e36f_9298_b5cd01298518_TB8374_00.jpg)
Miniature by an anonymous thirteenth-century French artist, in History of Outremer (Medieval French Crusader states), by Guilluame de Tyr (William of Tyre), twelfth-century archbishop of Tyre and historian born and raised in Crusader-controlled Jerusalem
Document 3
Fulk of Chartres, cleric who participated in the First Crusade including the siege
of Jerusalem in 1099
Count Raymond and his men, who were attacking the wall on the other side, did not yet know of all this, until they saw the Saracens leap from the wall in front of them. Forthwith, they joyfully rushed into the city to pursue and kill the nefarious enemies, as their comrades were already doing. Some Saracens, Arabs, and Ethiopians took refuge in the tower of David, others fled to the temples of the Lord and of Solomon. A great fight took place in the court and porch of the temples, where they were unable to escape from our gladiators. Many fled to the roof of the temple of Solomon, and were shot with arrows, so that they fell to the ground dead. In this temple almost ten thousand were killed. Indeed, if you had been there you would have seen our feet colored to our ankles with the blood of the slain. But what more shall I relate? None of them were left alive; neither women nor children were spared.
This may seem strange to you. Our squires and poorer footmen discovered a trick of the Saracens, for they learned that they could find byzants [a gold coin] in the stomachs and intestines of the dead Saracens, who had swallowed them. Thus, after several days they burned a great heap of dead bodies, that they might more easily get the precious metal from the ashes. . . . The carnage over, the crusaders entered the houses and took whatever they found in them.
Chronicled in The Deeds of the Franks Who Attacked Jerusalem, written between 1101 and 1128
Document 4
Kneeling Crusader with his horse, from the Westminster Psalter,
c. 1250
![Evaluate the extent to which religious motives sparked the Crusades. Document 1 Pope Urban II, speech at the Council of Clermont, responding to the request by the Byzantine emperor for aid against the invading Seljuk Turks, 1095 Although, O sons of God, you have promised more firmly than ever to keep the peace among yourselves and to preserve the rights of the church, there remains still an important work for you to do. For your brethren who live in the east are in urgent need of your help, and you must hasten to give them the aid which has often been promised them. For, as the most of you have heard, the Turks and Arabs have attacked them and . . . have occupied more and more of the lands of those Christians and have overcome them in seven battles. They have killed and captured many and have destroyed the churches and devastated the empire. On this account I, or rather the Lord, beseech you as Christ's heralds to publish this everywhere and to persuade all people of whatever rank, foot-soldiers and knights, poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to those Christians and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends. I say this to those who are present, it meant also for those who are absent. Moreover, Christ commands it. All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested. . . . Let those who have been accustomed unjustly to wage private warfare* against the faithful now go against the infidels and end with victory this war which should have been begun long ago. Let those who for a long time, have been robbers, now become knights. Let those who have been fighting against their brothers and relatives now fight in a proper way against the barbarians. *Christians fighting against other Christians in Europe Document 2 Miniature: Crusaders bombard Nicaea with the severed heads of Muslim soldiers, 1097 Miniature by an anonymous thirteenth-century French artist, in History of Outremer (Medieval French Crusader states), by Guilluame de Tyr (William of Tyre), twelfth-century archbishop of Tyre and historian born and raised in Crusader-controlled Jerusalem Document 3 Fulk of Chartres, cleric who participated in the First Crusade including the siege of Jerusalem in 1099 Count Raymond and his men, who were attacking the wall on the other side, did not yet know of all this, until they saw the Saracens leap from the wall in front of them. Forthwith, they joyfully rushed into the city to pursue and kill the nefarious enemies, as their comrades were already doing. Some Saracens, Arabs, and Ethiopians took refuge in the tower of David, others fled to the temples of the Lord and of Solomon. A great fight took place in the court and porch of the temples, where they were unable to escape from our gladiators. Many fled to the roof of the temple of Solomon, and were shot with arrows, so that they fell to the ground dead. In this temple almost ten thousand were killed. Indeed, if you had been there you would have seen our feet colored to our ankles with the blood of the slain. But what more shall I relate? None of them were left alive; neither women nor children were spared. This may seem strange to you. Our squires and poorer footmen discovered a trick of the Saracens, for they learned that they could find byzants [a gold coin] in the stomachs and intestines of the dead Saracens, who had swallowed them. Thus, after several days they burned a great heap of dead bodies, that they might more easily get the precious metal from the ashes. . . . The carnage over, the crusaders entered the houses and took whatever they found in them. Chronicled in The Deeds of the Franks Who Attacked Jerusalem, written between 1101 and 1128 Document 4 Kneeling Crusader with his horse, from the Westminster Psalter, c. 1250](https://d2lvgg3v3hfg70.cloudfront.net/TB8374/11eb75ac_fae2_e370_9298_61e15d1e7447_TB8374_00.jpg)
Definitions:
Social Pressure
The influence that a group can exert on an individual, affecting their behavior and decisions.
Reproductive Freedom
The right of individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing, and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so.
Unbiased Sex Education
Sex education that is factual, comprehensive, and free from prejudice, aiming to provide learners with knowledge about sexual health without imparting societal biases.
Safe Abortion
Safe abortion indicates a medical procedure that is performed to terminate a pregnancy, conducted under conditions that minimize the risk to the health of the person undergoing the procedure.
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