Questions Refer to the Passages Below

question 33

Multiple Choice

Questions refer to the passages below.
"What is tolerance? It is the natural attribute of humanity. We are all formed of weakness and error: let us pardon reciprocally each other's folly. That is the first law of nature. . . . Look at the Great Turk. He governs Guebres [Zoroastrians], Banians [Hindus], Greek Christians, Nestorians, Romans. The first who tried to stir up tumult would be impaled; and everyone is at peace. Of all the religions, the Christian is without doubt the one which should inspire tolerance most, although up to now the Christians have been the most intolerant of all men."
Voltaire, French philosophe, "What Is Tolerance?" in The Philosophical Dictionary, 1764
"Jews and the various Christian Groups-Greek Orthodox, Jacobites, Uniates, and Copts-formed their own distinct communities, talifa, and regulated them within the umma under the auspices of Ottoman officials. . . . [who] often assessed special ad-hoc taxes, and sometimes even the jizya, collectively on Christian and Jewish communities. . . . Heightened tension between Christians and Muslims emerged during periods when European powers threatened the empire or when the central Turkish government lost its grip over local areas. Whenever talk of crusading or holy war bubbled up and whenever power devolved to local officials, Christians came under closer scrutiny and became targets of vigilante aggression. These incidents, however, were extremely rare; the normal state of relations consisted largely of reciprocity in the market place, interaction in the neighborhood, and cooperation in the Empire."
Charles H. Parker, "Paying for the Privilege: The Management of Public Order and Religious Pluralism in Two Early Modern Societies," in Journal of World History, 2006
-Voltaire's statement is best understood in terms of which of the following tenets of the Enlightenment?

• A) The rise of national identity led to hostility between different ethnic groups.
• B) Scientific thought led to a rejection of God as the creator of the universe.
• C) Social order should be preserved at all costs, even by capital punishment.
• D) The role of religion in public life should be subjected to rational analysis.

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Definitions:

New Deal Policies

A series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States during the 1930s, aimed at restoring prosperity during the Great Depression.

Monetary Policy

The process by which a central bank, currency board, or monetary authority controls the supply of money, often targeting an inflation rate or interest rate to ensure price stability and trust in the currency.

Fiscal Policy

Government policies related to taxation and spending that aim to influence the economy, manage inflation, and stimulate economic growth.

Restrictive Fiscal Policy

Fiscal measures implemented by a government to reduce its spending and/or increase taxes with the aim of slowing down an overheating economy.