Questions Refer to the Passage Below

question 77

Multiple Choice

Questions refer to the passage below.
[O]ne of the ways of their government is the building of their sovereignty upon three things: the people's persons, their honor, and their possessions; and whomsoever they wish to kill or exile or violate his honor or devour his wealth they do so in pursuit of their lusts, without any right in the Shari'a. One of the ways of their government is their imposing on the people monies not laid down by the Shari'a. One of the ways of their government is their intentionally eating whatever food they wish, whether it is religiously permitted or forbidden, and wearing whatever clothes they wish, whether religiously permitted or forbidden, and drinking what beverages they wish, whether religiously permitted or forbidden, and riding whatever riding beasts they wish, whether religiously permitted or forbidden, and taking what women they wish without marriage contract, and living in decorated palaces, whether religiously permitted or forbidden, and spreading soft carpets as they wish, whether religiously permitted or forbidden.
Usman dan Fodio, critique of the Hausa state, 1806
-Which of the following was a long-term result of movements similar to the one founded by Usman dan Fodio?

• A) Dan Fodio's movement united with the Zulu to wage war against European invaders.
• B) Dan Fodio's movement led to the acceptance of jihad against unbelievers.
• C) Dan Fodio's movement forced isolation from world trade to prevent unwanted influences.
• D) Dan Fodio's movement encouraged the creation of strong, centralized African states.

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Definitions:

Behavioral Change

The process by which individuals alter their habits, behaviors, or attitudes, often in response to external pressures or internal motivations.

Misusing Punishment

The improper or counterproductive use of punishment, often leading to negative outcomes or behaviors instead of correcting the undesired behavior.

Conditioned Taste Aversions

The learned association between a specific taste and illness or discomfort, leading to an aversion to that taste in the future.

Law of Effect

A principle in psychology which states that behaviors generating favorable consequences are more likely to be repeated in the future.