Which Two Elements of the Expectancy Theory Are Measured in a Range

question 46

Multiple Choice

Which two elements of the expectancy theory are measured in a range from −1 to +1?

• A) effort and valence
• B) instrumentality and expectancy
• C) instrumentality and valence
• D) valence and expectancy

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Definitions:

Bottom-up Processes

Ecological or systemic processes driven by primary producers or lower trophic levels influencing the structure and function of ecosystems.

Predators

Organisms that hunt, kill, and consume other organisms (prey) for nutrients and energy.

Ecological Community

A group of interacting species living in a common location, influencing each other's distribution, abundance, and evolutionary adaptation.

Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria

Microorganisms capable of converting atmospheric nitrogen into forms usable by plants.