An Important Condition for Establishing Causation Is Covariation

question 38

Multiple Choice

An important condition for establishing causation is covariation. This is:

• A) a statistical measure of the magnitude of the difference between variables among comparison groups.
• B) the degree to which a study parallels the real world.
• C) the degree to which researchers can rule out other possible causal explanations for an observed relationship.
• D) when changes in one variable are associated with changes in another variable.

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Definitions:

Groups

A number of individuals assembled together or having some unifying relationship.

Failing Course Of Action

A strategy or plan that does not achieve its intended outcome or results in a negative consequence.

Bounded Rationality

A concept suggesting that individuals make decisions based on the limited information they have and their cognitive limitations.

Problem Identification

The initial step in the problem-solving process that involves recognizing and defining a problem or challenge that needs to be addressed.