How Do Endogenous and Exogenous Opioids Produce Reinforcing Effects by Affecting

question 42

Essay

How do endogenous and exogenous opioids produce reinforcing effects by affecting dopamine and GABA neurotransmission? Describe the relationship between receptor activation and brain structure activity, and its associated role in opioid reinforcement.

Understand the principles of Mendelian genetics and how they apply to complex traits.

Differentiate among complete dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, and epistasis.

Interpret genetic cross outcomes to deduce potential genotypes of parents or offspring.

Apply knowledge of genetic inheritance to predict probabilities of certain traits in offspring.

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Definitions:

Neurons

Specialized cells of the nervous system that transmit signals throughout the body; key components in the function of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

Axons

Long, threadlike parts of nerve cells along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells.

Myelin

A fatty substance that surrounds the axon of some nerve cells, forming an insulating layer that speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses.

Fine Motor Skills

The ability to coordinate small muscle movements in the body, especially in the hands and fingers, critical for tasks like writing, tying shoelaces, and handling small objects.