Dr Gonzalez Has Just Completed a Correlational Study Where He

question 38

Multiple Choice

Dr. Gonzalez has just completed a correlational study where he found a strong association between parental expectations and children's academic achievement. In other words, children who perform well in school tend to have parents who have high expectations of them. However, Dr. Gonzalez can't tell which variable causes the other. It may be that high expectations cause children to perform better, or that children's better performance cause their parents to have higher expectations. This particular problem is known as

• A)the bidirectional causality problem
• B)the third variable problem
• C)poor external validity
• D)the experimenter expectancy effect

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Definitions:

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A device used to record the electrical activity of the brain.

Stage 1 Sleep

The initial stage of sleep characterized by light sleep, where one can be easily awakened.

Theta Waves

A type of brain wave pattern associated with light sleep, deep relaxation, and meditation, typically in the frequency range of 4-8 Hz.

REM Sleep

A phase of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, more dreaming, and bodily movement, and faster pulse and breathing.