Imagine That Data from Survey Research Uncovers a Strong Positive

question 400

Multiple Choice

Imagine that data from survey research uncovers a strong positive correlation between education level and reading ability. Which of the following causal conclusions can be drawn?

• A)more education causes better reading skills
• B)having better reading skills causes people to pursue education for longer
• C)reading more when you are younger leads to better reading skills, and a greater tendency to stay in school
• D)none of these response options is correct; correlation and causation are not the same thing
• E)reading books influences education level, and vice versa

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Definitions:

Extinction

In psychology, the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response when it is no longer reinforced.

Partial-Reinforcement Schedule

In operant conditioning, a strategy in which a behavior is reinforced intermittently, often resulting in more resistant and persistent responses.

Internal-Reinforcement Schedule

A strategy of self-management where individuals control their own rewards or punishments to modify behavior.

External-Reinforcement Schedule

This involves the regulation of behavior based on rewards or punishments administered from an outside source, used in various behavioral conditioning frameworks.