Explain the Following: (1) Complete Ionic Equation, (2) Spectator Ions

question 11

Essay

Explain the following: (1) complete ionic equation, (2) spectator ions, (3) net ionic equation.

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Definitions:

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter involved in many functions including muscle movement, heart rate, and the modulation of brain activity.

GABA

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system that plays a key role in reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system.

Receptor Downregulation

A decrease in the number of receptors on the surface of target cells, often in response to high levels of a hormone or neurotransmitter.

Cyclic AMP

A second messenger important in many biological processes, involved in the activation of protein kinases and regulation of the effects of adrenaline and glucagon.