How Does the Urinary System Contribute to Osteoporosis

question 125

Multiple Choice

How does the urinary system contribute to osteoporosis?

• A) Excessive smoking lowers estrogen levels, which increases bone loss.
• B) Decreased estrogen levels following menopause contribute to the disease.
• C) Immune cells resist infections and release chemicals that promote tissue repair.
• D) Calcium ions released from the bones are excreted.
• E) Lack of exposure to sunlight reduces vitamin D production and decreases calcium absorption.

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Definitions:

Parsimony Principle

The Parsimony Principle, often used in scientific research, is the idea that the simplest explanation is usually correct, encouraging minimal assumptions.

Independent Variables

Variables in a statistical model that are manipulated or categorised to determine their effect on dependent variables.

Multicollinearity

A statistical phenomenon where two or more predictor variables in a multiple regression model are highly correlated, potentially distorting estimates and making the model unreliable.

Bonferroni Criterion

A statistical adjustment method used to reduce the chance of obtaining false-positive results (Type I error) when multiple hypothesis tests are performed.