"Given a Hash Function H, with N Possible Outputs and a Specific

question 28

Multiple Choice

"Given a hash function H, with n possible outputs and a specific value H(x) , if H is applied to k random inputs, what must be the value of k so that the probability that at least one input y satisfies H(y) = H(x) is 0.5" is a reference to the __________ .

• A)authentication code
• B)collision resistant
• C)big endian
• D)birthday attack

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Definitions:

Volunteer Bias

A distortion in research results due to differences between those who choose to participate in studies and those who do not.

Experimenter's Bias

A form of bias in research where the outcomes are influenced by the researcher's expectations or preferences.

Confirmation Bias

A cognitive bias that leads individuals to give more weight to evidence that confirms their existing beliefs and dismiss evidence that contradicts them.

Statistical Measure

A value that represents a characteristic of a set of data, such as mean, median, or mode.