Which Proinflammatory Cytokines Are Responsible for the Development and Maintenance

question 11

Multiple Choice

Which proinflammatory cytokines are responsible for the development and maintenance of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) ?

• A) Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF); interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and IL-10; and tumor necrosis factor-gamma (IFN-γ)
• B) Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF); and IL-3, IL-5, IL-9, and IFN-γ
• C) Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF); IL-7, IL-11, and IL-14; and PAF
• D) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α); IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8; and platelet-activating factor (PAF)

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Definitions:

Basalt

A dark, fine-grained volcanic rock formed from the rapid cooling of magnesium- and iron-rich lava, characteristic of oceanic crust.

Basaltic Lava

A type of lava that flows from volcanic eruptions, characterized by its low viscosity and high iron and magnesium content.

Scoria Cones

Volcanic cones built from fragments of lava ejected from a single vent, typically with steep slopes.

Nonexplosive Eruptions

Volcanic eruptions characterized by the gentle outpouring of lava without significant explosive activity or the production of large ash clouds.