When the Text Speaks of the Discretionary Authority of Appointed

question 190

Multiple Choice

When the text speaks of the discretionary authority of appointed officials, it means their authority to

• A) shift federal monies from agency to agency, depending on need.
• B) act without specific executive direction.
• C) make policies that are not spelled out in advance by laws.
• D) spend federal monies, even though they are not officially part of the federal bureaucracy.
• E) act on behalf of government officials and represent the government in courts of law.

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Definitions:

Lev Vygotsky

A Russian psychologist known for his work on cognitive development, particularly the social-cultural theory which emphasizes the role of social interaction in learning.

Higher Levels

A term that may refer to advanced stages or degrees of understanding, consciousness, or development in various contexts.

Preoperational Stage

A stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, occurring from about 2 to 7 years of age, during which children learn through pretend play but struggle with logic and understanding others' perspectives.

Egocentrism

A cognitive bias that leads individuals to view the world solely from their own perspective, often accompanied by a lack of empathy for others' views or feelings.