In the Oceans on Either Side of the Isthmus of Panama

question 46

Multiple Choice

In the oceans on either side of the Isthmus of Panama are 30 species of snapping shrimp, 15 species on the Pacific side and 15 different species on the Atlantic side. Species live at different water depths. Morphological and genetic data show that Atlantic and Pacific species that live at similar depths are sister species. Geological evidence indicates that the Isthmus of Panama started rising about 10 million years ago and the oceans were completely separated by the isthmus about 3 million years ago. Which of the following statements would best explain why the shallow-water sister species are more similar to each other than are the deeper-water species?

• A) The shallow-water sister species have been geographically isolated from each other for a shorter time than the deep-water sister species have been.
• B) Cold temperatures, associated with deep water, have accelerated the mutation rate, resulting in faster divergence in deep-water shrimp.
• C) The rise of the land bridge was accompanied by much volcanic activity. Volcanic ash contains heavy metals, which are known mutagens. Ash fall caused high levels of heavy metals in the ocean sediments underlying the deep water, resulting in accelerated mutation rates and faster divergence in deepwater shrimp.
• D) Fresh water entering the ocean from the canal is both less dense and cloudier than seawater. The cloudy fresh water interferes with the ability of shallow-water shrimp to locate mating partners, which reduces the frequency of mating, thereby slowing the introduction of genetic variation.

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Definitions:

Intersex

A term referring to individuals born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn’t fit typical definitions of male or female, challenging binary notions of gender.

Social Status Differences

Variations in individuals' positions and prestige within society, often leading to unequal access to resources and opportunities.

Education

The act of obtaining or providing structured teaching, particularly within an educational institution such as a school or college.

Unpaid Work

Labor that does not receive monetary compensation, often including domestic duties, caregiving, and volunteer work, disproportionately undertaken by women.