Describe the Physical Processes That Result in the Summer and Winter

question 79

Essay

Describe the physical processes that result in the summer and winter stratification in temperate zone lakes. What causes the mixing in the spring and fall? What are major consequences of the winter stratification on the biota of the lake?

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Definitions:

Negative Reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: Negative reinforcement is not punishment.)

Punishment

An event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows.

Positive Punishment

An operant conditioning principle where a response is followed by a stimulus, leading to a decrease in the likelihood of that response occurring in the future.

Negative Reinforcer

A stimulus whose removal or avoidance following a behavior increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future.