Traits

question 13

Multiple Choice

Traits:

• A) alone cannot define effective leadership.
• B) alone can define effective leadership.
• C) are not part of twenty-first century leadership research.
• D) are part of LMX research.

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Definitions:

Upward Counterfactual

Imagining a better outcome than what actually occurred, often leading to feelings of dissatisfaction or motivation for improvement.

Downward Counterfactual

Thought processes where individuals imagine worse alternatives to events that have occurred, often leading to feelings of relief or contentment.

Stable Internal

Refers to internal, enduring attributes or traits of a person that are consistent across different situations and over time.

Unstable External

Contexts or environments that are unpredictable and change frequently, affecting behavior or performance.