The Reason That the Various Hawaiian Honeycreepers Are Vulnerable to Extinction

question 35

Multiple Choice

The reason that the various Hawaiian honeycreepers are vulnerable to extinction is

• A) the reduction of their habitats.
• B) the warming of their habitats, supporting mosquitoes that carry the pathogens for avian malaria.
• C) the encroachment of humans into their habitats.
• D) the importation of new predators and competitors into their habitats.
• E) all of these answers.

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Definitions:

Quasi-Experiment

A research design that resembles experimental research but lacks random assignment to treatment or control groups, making causal inferences more challenging.

Naturally Occurring Groups

Groups that form spontaneously based on shared interests, geographies, or inherent traits, as opposed to being artificially assembled.

Dependent Variable

The variable in a study or experiment that is expected to change or vary as a result of manipulations of the independent variable(s).

Internal Validity

The judgment that for a particular experiment, it is possible to conclude that the manipulated independent variable caused the change in the measured dependent variable.