What Have the Courts Ruled About Quotas as a Part

question 102

Multiple Choice

What have the courts ruled about quotas as a part of affirmative action programs?

• A) Courts have confirmed their usefulness in correcting past failures.
• B) Courts have restricted the use of quotas to certain occupations with severe obstacles to overcome.
• C) Courts have ruled the quotas unconstitutional and condemned companies for using them.
• D) Courts have supported the use of quotas on a wide basis throughout the United States.
• E) Courts have ruled quotas unconstitutional but commended their purpose.

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Definitions:

Operant Conditioning

A training approach in which a behavior's force is adjusted by either reinforcing or punishing.

Lack of Generosity

A behavior or attitude characterized by unwillingness or hesitation to share with others or contribute to their well-being.

Punishment

A consequence that reduces the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, often used in behavior modification strategies.

Reinforcement

In behavioral psychology, a consequence applied that strengthens an organism's future behavior whenever that behavior is preceded by a specific antecedent stimulus.