A Problem with Both Cramer's V and Phi Is That

question 8

Multiple Choice

A problem with both Cramer's V and phi is that values between 0.00 and 1.00________.

• A) are very rare
• B) are mathematically impossible.
• C) can actually indicate negative relationships.
• D) can be interpreted only as an index of the relative strength of the association.

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Definitions:

Complexity Leadership Theory

A framework that views leadership as a complex interplay between leaders, followers, and the organizational environment.

Emergent Processes

Natural or spontaneous development within systems that results from the interactions of simpler elements, often leading to complex outcomes.

Distributed Leadership Theory

A conceptual framework suggesting leadership roles are shared within a group or organization, rather than being vested in a single leader.

Declining Performance

A decrease or deterioration in the effectiveness, efficiency, or quality of an individual's or organization's output.