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The Direction of Causality Cannot Be Inferred Logically from Non-Experiments

question 3

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The direction of causality cannot be inferred logically from non-experiments, which results in more than one possible causal explanation.


Definitions:

Individual's Ability

The capability or skill possessed by a person to perform a specific task or activity.

Measures

Tools or instruments used in research to quantify or qualify variables of interest.

Coefficient Alphas

A statistical measure used to assess the reliability or internal consistency of a test or scale.

Homogeneity

The degree to which a set of elements, such as group members or data points, are similar or uniform in nature.

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