In a Study Whose Results Were Published in the British

question 18

Multiple Choice

In a study whose results were published in the British Medical Journal (Willis et al., 2004) , researchers tested whether dogs can smell cancer in humans.Each dog used in the study was presented with seven urine samples to smell, with only one of the urine samples coming from a patient who had bladder cancer.Taken as a group, the dogs were tested on 54 trials and correctly identified the urine from the cancer patient in 22 trials.If the dogs were just guessing and so had a probability of success p = 1/7, what is the probability they would be correct in 22 or more of the 54 trials?

• A) 0.000
• B) 0.042
• C) 0.087
• D) 0.168

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Definitions:

Denominator Level

In cost accounting, it’s the level of activity used to allocate fixed costs to products or services, often representing the production capacity.

Budget Variance

This is the difference between the budgeted or planned amount of expense or revenue, and the actual amount incurred or received.

Standard Hours

The set amount of time expected to complete a job or task, often used for planning and assessing the efficiency of operations.

Volume Variance

The difference between the budgeted volume of production and the actual volume, which affects the fixed overhead costs.