The following list includes activities that are performed in a manufacturing company.Classify each activity as value-added or non-value added. 
Definitions:
Cost of Preferred Stock
The required rate of return by investors to justify holding a company's preferred stock, often calculated as the dividend per share divided by the current price per share.
Bond Issue
A Bond Issue is the process by which a borrower issues bonds to lenders or investors as a form of debt financing, promising to repay the principal along with interest at a future date.
Common Stock
A type of equity security representing ownership in a corporation, with holders possibly entitled to vote on corporate matters and receive dividends.
Shares Outstanding
The total number of shares of a corporation that have been issued and are currently owned by shareholders.
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