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The xy plane is "painted" with a uniform surface charge density which is equal to 40 nC/m2. Consider a spherical surface with a 4.0-cm radius that has a point in the xy plane as its center. What is the electric flux through that part of the spherical surface for which z > 0?
Conditioned Stimulus
Within classical conditioning, an initially neutral stimulus becomes linked with an unconditioned stimulus and ultimately elicits a conditioned response.
Neutral Stimulus
In conditioning, a stimulus that initially elicits no specific response other than focusing attention, which can eventually elicit a conditioned response when paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned Response
A natural, unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus, part of classical conditioning theory.
Unconditional Reinforcement
A form of reinforcement in operant conditioning that is given consistently every time a desired response is made.
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