What Is the Status of Affirmative Action in College Admissions

question 48

Multiple Choice

What is the status of affirmative action in college admissions after the Supreme Court decisions in the two cases involving the University of Michigan,Gratz v.Bollinger (2003) and Grutter v.Bollinger (2003) ?

• A)Affirmative action policies are generally permissible,but they cannot involve race-based quotas or numerical point systems.
• B)Affirmative action policies are assumed to be unconstitutional unless the university can demonstrate the need to promote racial tolerance.
• C)Affirmative action policies must ensure that all racial and ethnic groups are represented in accordance with the population of the nation as a whole.
• D)All forms of affirmative action are unconstitutional because they unfairly favor some people over others based on the color of their skin.-

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Definitions:

Transactional Leadership

A leadership style that focuses on supervision, organization, and performance; rewards and punishments are used to motivate employees.

Collectivism-group

A sociopolitical system that emphasizes the priority of group goals over individual goals and the importance of cohesion within social groups.

Cohesiveness

The degree to which members of a group or team are united in pursuing their common goals and how much they are attracted to the group or team.

GLOBE Model

A research framework used for understanding the relationship between culture and societal, organizational, and leadership effectiveness across the world.