Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Is an Autoimmune Disease That Affects the Brain

question 24

Essay

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that affects the brain and spinal cord.
MS affects women more than men, and is most commonly diagnosed between the ages of
20 and 40. MS sufferers typically have problems of coordination and walking. The
standard care for some sufferers is a plastic device affixed to the lower leg and ankle. In
a recent test of this device, volunteers with MS were randomly assigned to two
experimental groups. The volunteers in one group used the plastic device; the volunteers
in the other group did not use the plastic device. Each individual was timed as he or she
climbed a set of stairs. Times, measured without the device (ND) and with the device
(D), are presented below. $$\begin{array} { | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | } \hline \begin{array} { c } \text { Stairs } \\\text { ND }\end{array} & 9.3 & 8.4 & 8.6 & 6.9 & 17.7 & 12.4 & 18.6 & 14.2 & 7.9 & 6.9 & 8.4 & 9.4 & 12.7 \\\hline \begin{array} { c } \text { Stairs } \\\text { D }\end{array} & 7.9 & 8.2 & 9.0 & 7.2 & 15.3 & 13.5 & 16.6 & 15.7 & 7.7 & 7.5 & 8.4 & 9.5 & 12.7 \\\hline\end{array}$$
-Calculate the values of these numerical summaries for the stair-climbing task without
the device: a) The mean __________
b) The standard deviation __________
c) The median___________
d) The interquartile range ______________ Note: The table above is reproduced below so that you need not flip back and forth. $$\begin{array} { | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | c | } \hline \begin{array} { c } \text { Stairs } \\\text { ND }\end{array} & 9.3 & 8.4 & 8.6 & 6.9 & 17.7 & 12.4 & 18.6 & 14.2 & 7.9 & 6.9 & 8.4 & 9.4 & 12.7 \\\hline \begin{array} { c } \text { Stairs } \\\text { D }\end{array} & 7.9 & 8.2 & 9.0 & 7.2 & 15.3 & 13.5 & 16.6 & 15.7 & 7.7 & 7.5 & 8.4 & 9.5 & 12.7 \\\hline\end{array}$$

Appreciate the cultural considerations in nonverbal communication, especially regarding eye contact and space requirements.

Identify specific nonverbal signals and their meanings, such as emblems, adaptors, illustrators, and regulators.

Acknowledge the impact of nonverbal communication in the workplace and its role in business communication.

Develop an understanding of expectancy violations theory in the context of nonverbal communication.

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Definitions:

Indifference Map

A graphical representation in microeconomic theory of a consumer's preferences, showing different combinations of goods among which the consumer is indifferent.

Total Utility

The complete pleasure or advantage an individual obtains from the consumption of a specific amount of products or services.

Budget Line

A graphical representation of all possible combinations of two goods that an individual can afford, given their income and the prices of the goods.

Money Income

The overall sum of financial income earned by a person or family, comprising earnings from employment, salaries, and various other income types.