A Number of Butterfly Species Mate for Hours, and If

question 9

Essay

A number of butterfly species mate for hours, and if a mating couple is disturbed, one
of the butterflies is responsible for flying, carrying its partner with it. Not only are
mating pairs more noticeable to predators, but the added weight may hamper the
flight during escape. Random samples of Green-veined White (Pieris napi)
butterflies were the subjects of a Swedish study to investigate the escape flights of
single butterflies and of mating pairs when exposed to a predator. Data on the initial
takeoff escape velocities are presented below. The investigators considered
performing a hypothesis test to determine if there was evidence that the mean take off
escape velocity was different for singles and pairs. Using a graphical procedure of
your choice, determine if the t-test is appropriate. $$\begin{array}{l}\text { Escape velocity (m/sec) }\\\text { Single } 0.76 , \quad 0.89 , \quad 0.94,1.01,1.09,1.11,1.12,1.17,1.19,1.20,1.29\\1.34 , \quad 1.42 , \quad 1.54\\\\\text { Paired } 0.58,0.58,0.76,0.86,0.95,0.97,1.03,1.05,1.14,1.35,1.38\\1.61 , \quad 1.62 , \quad 1.77 , \quad 2.29 , \quad 2.29\end{array}$$

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Definitions:

Identity Status

James Marcia's concept categorizing four stages of ego identity development based on exploration and commitment decisions.

Moratorium

A period of delay or suspension of activity, often used in contexts involving decision-making or legal agreements.

Foreclosure

In psychology, this term refers to a premature commitment to an identity without adequate exploration of other options. In real estate, it refers to the legal process by which a lender takes possession of a property due to the borrower's failure to make loan payments.

Postconventional Moral Reasoning

A stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development in which individuals make moral decisions based on universal ethical principles and the consideration of the greater good.