Answer the Following Questions

question 65

Multiple Choice

Answer the following questions :
-deskilling

• A)The 1892 barring of workers at the Homestead,Pennsylvania,steel mill after Andrew Carnegie refused to renew the union contract.Union supporters attacked the guards hired to close them out and protect strikebreakers who had been employed by the mill,but the National Guard soon suppressed this resistance and Homestead,like other steel plants,became a non-union mill.
• B)An internal management structure adopted by many large,complex corporations that distinguished top executives from those responsible for day-to-day operations and departmentalized operations by function.
• C)A business model in which a corporation controlled all aspects of production from raw materials to packaged products."Robber barons" or industrial innovators such as Gustavus Swift and Andrew Carnegie pioneered this business form at the end of the Civil War.
• D)A business concept invented in the late nineteenth century to pressure competitors and force rivals to merge their companies into a conglomerate.John D.Rockefeller of Standard Oil pioneered this business model.
• E)A small group of associates that hold stock from a group of combined firms,managing them as a single entity.These groups quickly evolved into other centralized business forms,but progressive critics continued to refer to giant firms like United States Steel and Standard Oil by this term.
• F)Andrew Carnegie's argument that corporate leaders' success showed their "fitness" to lead society,and that poverty demonstrated,on the contrary,lack of "fitness" to compete in the new economy.Carnegie advocated,however,that wealthy men should use their fortunes for the public good.
• G)The elimination of skilled labor under a new system of mechanized manufacturing,in which workers completed discrete,small-scale tasks rather than crafting an entire product.With the elimination of skilled labor,employers found they could pay workers less and replace them more easily.
• H)A system of organizing work developed by Frederick W.Taylor in the late nineteenth century.It was designed to coax maximum output from the individual worker,increase efficiency,and reduce production costs.
• I)A nickname for the former Confederate states,used by boosters to describe the region's economic diversification and growth of industrial jobs in the post-Civil War era.Due to the region's poverty,many of those industries were extractive (such as coal and timber)and some (like textiles)were low-wage and involved considerable child labor.
• J)The 1882 law that barred Chinese laborers from entering the United States.It continued in effect until the 1940s.
• K)A nationwide strike of thousands of railroad workers and labor allies,who protested the growing power of railroad corporations and the steep wage cuts imposed by railroad managers amid a severe economic depression that had begun in 1873.
• L)A national political movement calling on the government to increase the money supply in order to assist borrowers and foster economic growth;Members of this party also called for greater regulation of corporations and laws enforcing an eight-hour workday.
• M)The argument that real economic wealth is created by workers who make their living by physical labor,such as farmers and craftsmen,and that merchants,lawyers,bankers,and other middlemen unfairly gain their wealth from such "producers."
• N)Economic regulatory laws passed in some midwestern states in the late 1870s,trigged by pressure from farmers and the Greenback-Labor Party.
• O)The first mass labor organization created among America's working class.Founded in 1869 and peaking in strength in the mid-1880s,this organization attempted to bridge boundaries of ethnicity,gender,ideology,race,and occupation to build a "universal brotherhood" of all workers.
• P)The advocacy of a stateless society achieved by revolutionary means.Feared for their views,advocates of this ideology became scapegoats for the 1886 Haymarket Square bombing.
• Q)The May 4,1886 conflict in Chicago in which both workers and policemen were killed or wounded during a labor demonstration called by local anarchists.The incident created a backlash against all labor organizations,including the Knights of Labor.
• R)A rural movement founded in Texas during the depression of the 1870s that spread across the plains states and the South.This group advocated cooperative stores and exchanges that would circumvent middlemen,and it called for greater government aid to farmers and stricter regulation of railroads.
• S)An 1887 act that created a commission of the same name,a federal regulatory agency designed to oversee the railroad industry and prevent collusion and unfair rates.
• T)Organization created by Samuel Gompers in 1886 that coordinated the activities of craft unions and called for direct negotiation with employers in order to achieve benefits for skilled workers.Like other trade unions,this group called for the closed shop-all employees had to be union members-to keep out low-wage competition and strengthen unions' bargaining power with employers.

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Definitions:

Experiment Stages

The sequential phases in conducting a scientific experiment, typically including hypothesis, experimentation, observation, and conclusion.

Duplicating Experiment

The process of repeating a scientific experiment to verify results and ensure reliability.

Desalination

The process of removing salt and other minerals from seawater or brackish water to produce fresh water suitable for human consumption or irrigation.

Digital Camera

A camera that captures photographs in digital format, allowing for immediate viewing, digital storage, and easy sharing.