$$\text { Leftward shift in supply } + \text { unchanged demand curve } =$$

question 5

True/False

$$\text { Leftward shift in supply } + \text { unchanged demand curve } =$$ higher equilibrium price and smaller equilibrium quantity.

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Definitions:

Conditioning Theories

Theories in psychology that describe the learning process as the result of associations between stimuli and responses, leading to behavior modification.

Negative Reinforcement

A process in behavior modification where the removal of an undesirable or unpleasant stimulus strengthens a behavior.

Panic-Like Bouts

Episodes that resemble panic attacks, marked by intense fear or discomfort and physical symptoms such as heart palpitations and dizziness.

Learning Theories

A set of principles that explain how individuals acquire, retain, and recall knowledge.