Heart Conditions Known as Cardiomyopathies Include Two Main Subtypes, Namely

question 41

Short Answer

Heart conditions known as cardiomyopathies include two main subtypes, namely the hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathies, in which some portions of the cardiac muscle become stiff or dilated, respectively. Drugs such as the calcium channel blocker verapamil are used to treat the former, while the Na?-K? ATPase inhibitor digoxin (which elevates intracellular calcium concentration in cardiac muscle cells) is sometimes used for the latter. Mutations in the subunits of the troponin complex are among the genetic causes of these diseases, and can be grouped into mutations that result in either decreased (D) or increased (I) calcium-ion sensitivity of actin-myosin contraction. Which of these mutations would you expect to be associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? Write down D or I as your answer.

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Definitions:

Six Dynasties

A period in Chinese history (220–589 CE) known for its fragmentation into six successive dynasties in the south, coexisting with the Northern dynasties.

Unified Sillan

Refers to the period or condition of unification in the history of the Silla dynasty in Korea.

Shakyamuni Buddha

The historical founder of Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama, who attained enlightenment and is known as the Buddha.

Liao Dynasty

A dynasty that ruled over parts of Northern China and Mongolia from 907 to 1125, known for its cultural diversity and significant contributions to Chinese art and architecture.