According to Robert Michels, Oligarchy Often Develops in Bureaucracies

question 23

Multiple Choice

According to Robert Michels, oligarchy often develops in bureaucracies:

• A) if there are no reference groups.
• B) when there are too many people to permit group decision making.
• C) when leadership is too authoritarian.
• D) if leaders are not selected from the appropriate class backgrounds.
• E) when the level of creativity among members is too limited for democracy.

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Definitions:

Deadweight Loss

A loss of economic efficiency that occurs when the equilibrium for a good or service is not achieved or is achievable but is not achieved.

Vertical Equity

The principle that taxpayers with higher incomes should pay more in taxes than those with lower incomes.

Marginal Tax Rate

The rate at which the last dollar of a taxpayer's income is taxed, indicating the percentage of additional income that is paid in tax.

Efficiency

The optimal use of resources to achieve the best possible outcome or output with minimal waste.