Evaluate the integral 
where R is the annular region bounded by the circles 
by changing to polar coordinates.
Definitions:
Specific Immunity
The immune system's targeted response to particular pathogens or foreign substances, involving recognition of specific antigens and memory of previous encounters.
Nonspecific Immunity
The component of the immune system that provides general defense against pathogens without needing prior exposure to them, also known as innate immunity.
Immune System Function
The role performed by the body's immune system in defending against pathogens, infections, and other foreign substances, by detecting and responding to them.
Diathesis-Stress Model
A psychological theory that explains behavior as a predispositional vulnerability together with stress from life experiences.
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