The Genus Latrodectus Includes Several Species, Including Spiders Commonly Called

question 22

Multiple Choice

The genus Latrodectus includes several species, including spiders commonly called widow spiders. The black widow is perhaps the most notorious member of this genus, and some species of black widows exhibit the familiar red hourglass on their ventral side. Black widows have large venom glands, and their bite can be harmful to humans. However, these bites very seldom lead to death in humans if proper medical treatment is provided. In comparison with females, adult male black widows are often gray or brown in color, rather than black, and they are only about half the size of females. As a result, they have smaller venom glands and tend to be less of a health concern. Black widows produce a neurotoxin called latrotoxin, and as the venom spreads through the body, it causes the release of neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine. In comparing male and female black widows, which has the larger surface-to-volume ratio?

• A) males
• B) females

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Definitions:

Excess Burden

The cost to society created by market inefficiency, particularly through the misallocation of resources or distortions in the market.

Excess Burden

The cost to society created by market inefficiency, often associated with the distortionary effects of taxes and subsidies.

Tax Revenue

The income that is gained by governments through taxation, used to fund public services and government obligations.

Excess Burden

The economic loss that society suffers due to market inefficiencies or taxes beyond the collected tax revenue.