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Muscular Dystrophy Is a Group of Inherited Disorders That Lead

question 15

Multiple Choice

Muscular dystrophy is a group of inherited disorders that lead to increasing muscle cell loss and thus muscle weakness over time. There are many different types of muscular dystrophy. Symptoms can vary, although all involve muscle weakness. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a recessive X-linked form that leads to muscle degeneration and death usually by age 25. Symptoms begin before age 5 and include low endurance and difficulties standing. As the condition progresses, muscle tissue is replaced with adipose and other types of connective tissue. Abnormal bone development and some neurobehavioral and learning disabilities may also occur. DMD occurs as a result of a mutation in a single gene on the X chromosome. This gene codes for a particular protein, dystrophin, which plays a major role in the structure of muscle cells. The protein formed by the mutated gene is nonfunctional, and the absence of a functional protein eventually leads to cell death. The single gene mutation associated with DMD leads to various symptoms that include bone growth, muscles, and behaviors. This is an example of __________.

Identify the factors influencing survey response rates and strategies to improve them.

Understand the importance of question format and wording in survey design.

Distinguish between survey and questionnaire and identify problems in survey design.

Grasp the concept of causality in survey research.

Definitions:

Thoracic Wall

The part of the anatomy that forms a protective boundary around the thoracic cavity, which contains the lungs and heart; comprises the rib cage, spine, and sternum.

Diaphragm

A muscular and membranous partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities and plays a major role in breathing.

Dead Space

Areas in the respiratory system that do not participate in gas exchange, including the nasal cavities, trachea, and bronchi.

Lung Compliance

Lung compliance refers to the ease with which the lungs can be expanded, determined by the elastic resistance of the lung tissue and chest wall to stretching during inhalation.