Muscular Dystrophy Is a Group of Inherited Disorders That Lead

question 43

Multiple Choice

Muscular dystrophy is a group of inherited disorders that lead to increasing muscle cell loss and thus muscle weakness over time. There are many different types of muscular dystrophy. Symptoms can vary, although all involve muscle weakness. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a recessive X-linked form that leads to muscle degeneration and death usually by age 25. Symptoms begin before age 5 and include low endurance and difficulties standing. As the condition progresses, muscle tissue is replaced with adipose and other types of connective tissue. Abnormal bone development and some neurobehavioral and learning disabilities may also occur. DMD occurs as a result of a mutation in a single gene on the X chromosome. This gene codes for a particular protein, dystrophin, which plays a major role in the structure of muscle cells. The protein formed by the mutated gene is nonfunctional, and the absence of a functional protein eventually leads to cell death. A woman who is a carrier for DMD marries a man who does not have the disease. What is the probability that they will have a girl with DMD?

• A) 0 percent
• B) 25 percent
• C) 50 percent
• D) 100 percent

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Definitions:

Simple Structure

A centralized form of organization that emphasizes a small technical and support staff, strong centralization of decision-making in the upper echelon, and a minimal middle level.

Upper Echelon

A top-level executive team in an organization.

Vertical Differentiation

The organization of a company's hierarchy levels to distinguish roles and responsibilities across different ranks.

Complexity

The degree to which many different types of activities occur in the organization.